indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
father; dad; husband; you; he
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
book; volume; this; present; main; head
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality