indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
training; drill; practice; discipline
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape); extraction (of compressed data)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
how long; how far; how much
accurate; correct; precise; exact
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
goal (in soccer, hockey, etc.); basket (in basketball); finish line; finishing line; reaching the finish line; finishing (a race)
to (finally) arrive at; to reach (at last); to (manage to) get to; to find one's way to
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to compete; to contend; to vie; to contest
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
counter for birds or rabbits
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow (handling, dealing with something); anyhow; one way or another
manufacture; production; production (of a film, play, TV show, etc.)
to advance (spatially); to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to move ahead (e.g. of work); to intensify
finally; in the end; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
day in question; appointed day; that very day; the day (of issue, publication, etc.)
to go out to meet; to receive; to call for; to summon; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to take (e.g. a wife)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
local (rain, distribution, outbreak, etc.); localized; regional; isolated
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (of a book); (one) complete set (of books)