severe; harsh; stringent; rigorous; strict; unfair
training; drill; practice; discipline
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to rush back; to run back
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sink; to go under; to go down (e.g. sun); to set; to feel depressed; to become subdued
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to track down; to locate; to find out; to smoke out; to ferret out; to chase up
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to follow; to pursue; to die right after a loved one; to kill oneself after the death of a loved one; to follow an example set by earlier generations (or one's master, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
of all (things, people, places, days, etc.)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...