selection; choice; picking out
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
last; final; closing; last train (bus, flight, etc.; of the day)
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to turn towards; to point
to jump up; to start up; to leap to one's feet; to fly away; to take off
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
clumsy (work); awkward; poorly made; ugly (of a person); unattractive; plain
to hit (a person); to strike; to beat; to deliver (a speech); to give (an address)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!