indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
last; final; closing; last train (bus, flight, etc.; of the day)
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
(arch.) eastern Japan (esp. Kamakura or Edo, from perspective of Kyoto or Nara); (arch.) eastern provinces; (arch.) east; wagon; yamatogoto; my spouse
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pretext; history; past; according to ...; ... says
myself; yourself; I; me; you
in comparison to; rather than
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
Japanese person; Japanese people
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be jealous of; to envy; to begrudge
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
interview (e.g. for a job)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine