indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
adds force or indicates command
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
two persons; two people; pair; couple
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
to say; to be called; to do
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)