indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
mum; mom; mummy; the missus
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
urgent; pressing; immediate; urgently; promptly; at once
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
proposal; proposition; suggestion
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
artificial; man-made; human work; human skill; artificiality
Shibuya, a special ward in Tokyo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker