next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
(emotional) tension; anxiety; (highness of) spirits; (good) mood; tension; tensile strength
to keep within limits (e.g. spending); to restrain (e.g. emotions); to control; to hold back (e.g. an enemy); to check; to curb
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
force; vigor; influence; authority; impetus; momentum
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
instant; moment; for an instant
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
encouragement; spurring (on); cheering (on)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
one's turn; one's shift; one's turn on stage; screen time; screentime
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to hand over; to transfer; to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way; to yield; to concede
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thousands; several thousand
after an interval of ... years; for the first time in ... years