indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
failing mark (e.g. in exam)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
supplementary examination
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
exclamation of surprised disappointment, disgust, or worry (yuck, ick, ack, eeew, crap!, blech, gross)
vomit; spew; puke; confessing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
give up; relinquish; serve up; let loose
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(apparently) that's what it's like, isn't it
of course; certainly; naturally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt