indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
hitting a ball; batting; stroke
old master; old teacher; old monk; aged priest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof