jpdb beta

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

16

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

10

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

8

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

7

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

7

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

6

Austria

6

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

5

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

5

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

4

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

4

to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen

4

be; is

4

Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

3

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back

3

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

2

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

2

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

2

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

2

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

2

to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)

2

such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!

2

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

2

if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so

2

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

2

adds force or indicates command

2

after all; because; but; even; too; as well

2

this sort of; this kind of; like this; such

2

house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name

2

terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)

2

to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square

2

hole; opening; pit; hollow; burrow; den; deficit

2

to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake

2

underwear; undergarment; underclothes; lingerie

2

Italy

2

Josef; Joseph; Jozef

2

marshmallow

2

silly person; dumb-bunny; dope

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

1

to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed

1

to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

1

to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding

1

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

1

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

1

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

I; me

1

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

1