indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
older sister; lass; young lady
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
suffix for familiar person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
beautiful woman; (a) beauty
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding