indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity