indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this and that; this or that; one thing or another; this way and that
to put on clothes; to wear clothes; to be the personification of
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in one's own way or style
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
how; in what way; how about
to weather (a storm, rough seas); to ride across; to get through (adversity); to weather; to load completely (e.g. books on a shelf, people or luggage in a car)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
New Year's Eve; December 31
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise