indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
impostor; imposter; pretender; liar
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
terrible twos (developmental stage in toddlers)
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
as you see; as you can see
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof