indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
prime minister (as the head of a cabinet government); premier
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
indicates concession or compromise; indicates permission
(medical) doctor; physician
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
thump-thump; bang-bang; pit-a-pat; to beat fast (of one's heart); to throb; to pound
suffix for familiar person