indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(arch.) bracelet (made of stringed jewels or bells and worn at the elbow); bracer (for the elbow of an archer)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
selfishness; egotism; egoism; egocentricity
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi