indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
operation (of a machine, etc.); operating; driving; working (capital, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
having nothing to do; having time on one's hands (and not knowing what to do); being at a loose end; being bored
appearance; look; aspect; strong spirit; mettle
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
moving about; stirring about
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
since when; from when; how long
common folk (somewhat insulting); commoner
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ordinary person; member of the general public; non-celebrity
myself; yourself; I; me; you
these guys; these fellows
low-life; sleazebag; boor; person of humble rank; humble person; peasant
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to load (a gun, etc.); to charge; to put into (e.g. emotion, effort); to include (e.g. tax in a sales price); to hang over; to shroud
leading figure; influential figure; mogul
performer; entertainer; celebrity
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
secrecy; highly classified information
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
to be conspicuous; to stand out
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come