indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
in some way or other; one way or another; somehow; only just; barely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
(some) more; even more; longer; further
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all; entire; whole; altogether
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
speaking of; (I told you) already; come on
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
loss; damage; harm; disadvantage; handicap; drawback
character (of a person); personality; disposition; characteristics; nature (of a thing, event, etc.)
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
villain; baddie; the villain's part
to volunteer; to undertake a challenge
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to not understand; to not (quite) know; to be unsure; to be unable to tell