indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
senior high school student
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
danger; peril; hazard; risk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
no matter how you put it; whatever the circumstances may be; say what you like; no matter how you look at it
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
adds force or indicates command
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to get dirty; to become dirty; to become sullied; to become corrupted; to lose one's chastity
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
dirt; filth; stain; blot; spot
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
pure; true; genuine; unmixed
young man; young woman; young people; youth; youngsters
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.