indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
older sister; lass; young lady
three; three years of age
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
honorific/polite/humble prefix
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
study; research; investigation
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)