indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
heavenly body; celestial body; astronomical object
department; section; course (of study); branch of study; (taxonomical) family
to rule over; to govern; to command; to integrate; to consolidate; to unite
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
pupil; student; schoolchild
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
the other day; some time ago; recently
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit; use
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
dead body; corpse; cadaver; carcass
how many people; a number of people
to give up (something as hopeless); to throw in the towel
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
black magic; sorcery; magic tricks; juggling
ruler; monarch; sovereign
certainly; without fail; right and wrong; pros and cons
wisdom; wit; sagacity; prajna (insight leading to enlightenment)
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire