a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry off; to run away with; to sweep away; to take entirely for oneself; to monopolize
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
arrow collector (at an archery range); collecting arrows
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
please (give me); please (do for me)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
isolated island; outlying island; leaving an island
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
graduation ceremony; commencement
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all