indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
seed (e.g. of a plant); pip; material (e.g. for an article); matter (e.g. of a story); ingredient; leaven (bread); cause
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
incompetence; laziness; worthlessness; good-for-nothing; loser; weakling
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
tenth day of the month; ten days
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
adds force or indicates command
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
in that way; thus; so; so?