jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

5

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

1

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

1

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

4

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

2

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

1

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

4

to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

1

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

1

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

6

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

1

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

1

until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to

1

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

2

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

1

here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...

1

and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing

1

honorific/polite/humble prefix

1

if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so

1

no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all

1

a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily

1

to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need

5

after all; because; but; even; too; as well

1

to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch

1

to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience

1

sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading

1

(some) more; even more; longer; further

1

to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry

1

this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me

1

day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date

1

to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up

1

to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke

2

to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow

2

to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)

1

but; however; although

1

yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof

1

you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)

1

safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good

1

suffix for familiar person

2

please (give me); please (do for me)

1

what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn

1

Mr (junior); master; boy

3

thank you; thanks

1

to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post

5