indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
in that way; thus; so; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
diamond (mineral, gemstone); diamond; infield; diamond (card suit)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
story; tale; talk; discussion
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
letter; missive; note; mail
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
interior; backwoods; hinterland; back regions
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
diamond; (railway) schedule; timetable; diagram
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis