indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...