indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
to swear; to vow; to take an oath; to pledge
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to avenge (somebody) by striking down their killer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
observance (of laws, rules, etc.); adherence; obeying; following; abiding by; compliance
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to rule over; to govern; to command; to integrate; to consolidate; to unite
holiness; sacredness; sanctity; dignity
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
that road (path, street, way, etc.); that line (of business); that profession; love affairs; romance
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
clear; precise; definite; distinct