indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
than; from; out of; except; but; more
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
first lieutenant; lieutenant junior grade
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
interior; inside; internal
point (of a story, argument, etc.); point (e.g. in stock exchange movement); percentage point; switch; points; point; site
escape hatch; escape door
white sandbar; white sandbank; area in a garden or entrance of a house laid with white sand or pebbles; gravel separating a noh stage from the audience; (arch.) court of law in the Edo period, in which the parties sat on white sand
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
myself; yourself; I; me; you
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
reaction of a living body