indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
antiquity; ancient times; bygone days; former times
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one portion; one serving; adult; grown-up; fully fledged; established
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to temper thoroughly; to train well
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
trade; business; occupation; profession; job
(practical) experience; personal experience; hands-on experience; first-hand experience
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
raging waves; stormy seas; hardships; troubles; adversities
to surge (water or waves)
the ocean; the great deep
to drive into (e.g. a nail into a board); to hit into (e.g. a home run into the stands); to throw into (e.g. jail); to drum into (someone) (an idea, skill, etc.); to hammer into
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
meaning; significance; sense
rest; break; recess; intermission
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
end; extremity; limit; result; outcome; upshot
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
shooting star; falling star; meteor; blaze (wide white stripe down the face of a horse)
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly