ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
private; non-governmental; non-official; folk; popular
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
information media; press; news organs
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
increasing one's fighting spirit
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
of the time; at the time; of the hour; in vogue; sought after
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thought; consideration; thinking
operation; management; handling; manipulating (to one's benefit); manipulation; influencing
to give (time, money, goods); to donate; to do; to perform; to apply (processing, makeup, etc.); to add (e.g. ornamentation, annotation)
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to beg; to pester; to plead; to coax; to hound; to importune
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
immediately; right away; at once; instantly