father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
bonds (between people); (emotional) ties; relationship; tether; fetters
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
disaster; accident; shipwreck; distress
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
telecommunications; correspondence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to try; to attempt; to have a go (at something)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
circuit (electric); cycle (e.g. Krebs cycle)
to branch; to fork; to separate; to split; to disperse; to scatter
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
three; three years of age
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the way it was; the way it used be; as of old; in former times
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?