indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
suffix for familiar person
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
with a pitter-patter; choked up (with emotion); heart-wringing; momentary tightening of one's chest caused by powerful feelings (e.g. parting with a loved one)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
oh my god!; oh my gosh!; you got me!; wow!
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
to grow cold (from room temperature, e.g. in refrigerator); to get chilly; to cool down
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
credit; money owed on an account; bill; hot noodles in broth; proportion (of wholesale price, as tenths of list price); in the midst of; rest