indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
suffix for familiar person
(mountain) pass; highest point on a mountain road; ridge; peak (e.g. of summer); worst (e.g. of an illness); crisis
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
three; three years of age
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
mud; slush; (wet) dirt; thief
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
stable boy; stable hand; groom
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
even if; even though; however; no matter how
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible