indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
toy; (person or thing treated as a) plaything
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
gear; cogwheel; cog (in an organization, company, etc.); cog in the machine
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to have a good command of (a language); to play proficiently (of a musical instrument); to work (a puppet); to pull the strings of a puppet
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
taking; taker; last performer of the day (usu. the star performer); last performance of the day; active partner (e.g. in judo demonstration); emphatic or formal prefix
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to wither; to wilt; to droop; to be dejected; to be disheartened; to be depressed
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
awfully; frightfully; desperately; violently; unduly; extremely
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
wicked person; evil person; scoundrel; bad thing; mischief
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
pardon; forgiveness; forbearance
please (give me); please (do for me)