hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you