indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
by means of; due to; because of; according to
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to pull apart; to separate; to have a lead over; to pull ahead of; to outdistance
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
confluence (of rivers); merge (of traffic); conflux; union (e.g. of forces); linking up; merging
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go back to the start; to reset; to restore; to return to the point (of a discussion); to return something (that has been moved) to previous place; to reconstitute
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
split; division; break up
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
just like that; in the twinkling of an eye; in the blink of an eye; (lit.) in the time it takes to say "ah!"
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like