indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
foe; enemy; resentment; enmity; harm; injury
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to stare fixedly at; to fix one's gaze on; to make sure of; to set one's eyes on (e.g. the future); to focus on
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
construction; building; putting up; erecting; creation; formulation
to end; to be finished; to die; to perish; to do utterly; to do completely
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at regular intervals; evenly spaced
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then