action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to reach; to amount to; to be up to the task; to come up to; to compare with; to be a match (for)
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
observance (of laws, rules, etc.); adherence; obeying; following; abiding by; compliance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
inevitable; necessary; certain; inevitability; necessity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to avenge (somebody) by striking down their killer
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to come alive; to get going; to start to move
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
people; men and women; each person; everybody
expectation; anticipation; purpose; intention; others' opinions of one; speculation
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
to thrust before; to thrust at
continuation; rest (of the story, work, etc.); flow (e.g. of a piece of writing); pacing (of a story); succession (of); sequence