indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
generally; on the whole; general; rough; outline; main points
one tenth; one hundredth; one percent; one tenth of a sun; one quarter ryō (an old coin)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
same; identical; equal; anyway; in any case; if one must ...
scene; spectacle; sight; view
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
just before; just prior to; right in front of; just in front of
result; consequence; consequently; as a result; as a result of; following
time after time; countless times; many a time; dozens of times
trouble; difficulty; failure (of an engine, machine, computer, etc.); breakdown; (medical) condition; disorder
evasion; avoidance; recusal (of a judge)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
station (esp. a police station); office (e.g. tax office)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
last time; last inning; last part; final episode (of a television program)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
black; black (coffee); exploitative (company); overly harsh; boldface; blackface
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa-nostalgic; old-fashioned