indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thorough; exhaustive; complete
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
it's no joke; gimme a break!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
how; in what way; how about
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
change of pace; change of mood; (mental) break (e.g. going for a walk); refreshment
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
wife; Mrs; proprietress; landlady; large women's size (clothing)
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to give up searching (for someone or something)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
in that way; thus; so; so?
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be found; to be discovered
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very