father; dad; husband; you; he
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
failure; mistake; blunder
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
tool; implement; means; furniture
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
worn-out; ragged; crumbling; dry and crumbly; falling (in drops or clumps); scattering
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
so; like this; in this way
to become broken; to break down; to be crazy; to be nuts; to be infatuated with; to be outdone (by someone)
uninhabited island; desert island
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to buy a replacement; to replace by buying something new
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise