indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
order; command; directions; instructions
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pot; (arch.) typical name for a female servant in the Edo-period; working at night; female with symptoms of gender identity disorder (e.g. a transvestite)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to be stormy; to be rough; to be rough (of skin); to be chapped; to be ruined; to fall into ruin
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
so; like this; in this way
to be in disorder; to lie scattered around
older sister; lass; young lady
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
properly; accurately; exactly; neatly; tidily; orderly
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this is not the time (for that); that's out of the question right now
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
father; dad; husband; you; he
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)