indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cavern; cave; cave system; grotto
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
finally; at last; ultimately; in the end
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Jon; John; Gjon; Jonathan
to tag along; to follow; to tail; to leave tracks; to leave footprints
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
torch (made of pine, bamboo, reed, etc.); flambeau; torchlight
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
bat (Chiroptera spp.); umbrella; opportunist; turncoat
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
father; dad; husband; you; he
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
how; in what way; how about