jack; knave; (electrical) jack; hijack; hijacking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be effective; to take effect; to work; to function well; to be possible (to do, use, etc.); to be able to
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
one o'clock; once; at one time; for a time; for a while; a time
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
bad (taste); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to make someone drink; to force someone to drink; to serve (alcohol); to treat someone (to drinks); to be drinkable (esp. of alcohol); to be palatable
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need