indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
proposal; proposition; suggestion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
to bud; to sprout; to germinate; to have luck on one's side; to get lucky
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
to lay waste; to devastate; to invade; to break into; to troll (e.g. web forums); to spam
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be disappointed; to be dejected; to be downhearted; to feel exhausted; to feel drained
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in a daze; absent-mindedly; dimly; hazily; with a roar (of flames); with a whoosh
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
to fall fast asleep; to be confined to one's bed; to be laid up
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
jack; knave; (electrical) jack; hijack; hijacking
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to separate; to part; to divide; to keep apart
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
roll (e.g. of cloth); winding (e.g. watch); volume (of book); speeding up; heel (of a Japanese sandal)