indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
jack; knave; (electrical) jack; hijack; hijacking
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
father; dad; husband; you; he
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny