indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
passing through (a tunnel, station, town, etc.); passing by (e.g. of a typhoon); passage (of a bill, e.g. through parliament); carriage; passing (an examination, inspection, etc.); clearing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
United Kingdom; Britain; English (language)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
remaining seats (on plane, bus, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work