indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
price; cost; charge; consideration (in a contract)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
how; in what way; how about
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
alchemy; way of making money; moneymaker; money-spinner
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)