indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
brat; kid; urchin; preta; hungry ghost
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
smell; scent; aura; whiff; faint, mist-like pattern along the temper line of a Japanese sword
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
pungent; irritating; acrid
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to hear by chance; to hear by accident; to catch (the sound)
about here; in this neighborhood
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems to be; appears to have; supposed to be
in any case; at any rate; anyhow; because; since; for
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow